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STANDAED  SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

BOOK  PRINTING 


FOR  THE  USE  OF 


STATE  AND  MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENTS 

PUBLISHERS,  UNIVERSITIES  AND 

OTHER  INSTITUTIONS 


BY 


JOSEPH  B.  SMARR 

CHIEF  CLERK  TO  THE  MAYOR 


WITH  A  FOREWORD 
BY 

MORRIS  :L.  COOKE 

DIRECTOR  DEPARTMENT  PUBLIC  WORKS 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS 

CITY     OF     PHILADELPHIA 
-  1.SU. 


PRINTED  AT  PRIVATE  EXPENSE 

EXTRA  COPIES  MAY  BE  OBTAINED  UPON  APPLICATION  TO  THE 
DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS,  CITY  HALL,  PHILADELPHIA 


FOREWORD 

A  proper  purchasing  system  is  an  absolutely  essential  fea- 
ture of  a  municipal  government.  Definite  specifications  for 
everything  is  the  prime  essential  of  good  buying.  Contract 
graft  of  every  kind  results  generally  from  loosely  drawn 
specifications.  This  is  the  commonest  agency  through 
which  municipal  officials  and  methods  are  corrupted. 

The  printing  industry  is  approximately  four  hundred 
years  old,  and  many  of  its  implements,  methods,  and  prac- 
tices have  remained  unchanged  during  this  entire  period. 
It  is  one  of  the  few  industries  that  has  consistently  and 
successfully  resisted  all  efforts  toward  its  systematization. 
The  thoughts  of  the  leading  men  during  the  last  twenty 
years  have  been  devoted  largely  to  a  propaganda  in  favor 
of  a  highly  developed  cost  system.  This  industry  probably 
puts  a  larger  percentage  of  its  gross  receipts  into  ascertain- 
ing manufacturing  costs  than  any  other.  In  the  mind  of 
the  average  printer,  the  ascertaining  of  costs  is  thought  to 
be  fundamental  to  efficiency  and  prosperity. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  keeping  of  costs  is  only  compar- 
able to  book-keeping  or  accounting.  Cost  keeping  is,  at 
best,  only  a  history  of  something  that  has  happened, — 
recorded  data.  As  practiced  in  the  printing  industry  it 
has  absolutely  nothing  to  do  with  efficiency  or  the  improve- 
ment of  methods;  it  is  little  more  than  a  memorandum 
bearing  only  indirectly  upon  the  cutting  down  of  manufac- 
turing costs.  The  inevitable  result  of  a  highly  developed 
cost  system,  maintained  in  the  absence  of  an  active  crusade 
for  better  methods,  is  that  the  charges  to  the  public  are 
constantly  increased.  This  is  exactly  what  has  gone  on  in 
printing  costs  all  over  the  country.  This  has  been  greatly 
facilitated  during  the  last  ten  years  by  the  formation  in  all 


VI 


the  large  cities  of  printers  boards  of  trade,  which  organ- 
izations have  had  price  control  as  their  special  field. 

The  printing  industry  has  therefore  made  practically  no 
effort  toward  standardization.  On  the  contrary,  it  has  re- 
sisted all  efforts  toward  a  simplification  of  its  practices. 
It  was  only  a  few  years  ago  that  there  was  no  standardiza- 
tion in  the  steel  industry.  About  25  years  ago,  the  Car- 
negie Steel  company  issued  its  hand-book  of  standard 
shapes.  Since  then,  these  hand-books  have  become  an  in- 
dispensible  mechanism  of  every  engineering  and  architec- 
tural office.  Every  designer  of  buildings  has  been  brought 
to  realize  that  there  is  everything  to  gain  and  nothing  to 
lose  from  using  standard  shapes.  In  fact,  the  standardiza- 
tion in  the  steel  industry  has  gone  so  far  that  it  is  practi- 
cally impossible  to  use  anything  but  standard  shapes,  be- 
cause deliveries  on  anything  irregular  are  so  uncertain,  and 
so  apt  to  be  delayed  that  architects,  builders,  contractors 
and  others  avoid  their  use  in  every  possible  way. 

Obviously,  the  only  people  to  standardise  an  industry 
are  the  manufacturers  in  it.  The  people  who  buy  the  ma- 
terials are  in  no  position  to  standardize  anything  except 
what  they,  themselves,  buy.  There  is  a  limit  as  to  how 
far  standardization  of  this  kind  brought  about  by  single 
users  of  the  product  can  affect  an  industry.  It  would  not 
be  expected  that  even  a  large  user  of  structural  iron  shapes, 
who  had  standardized  them  for  his  own  use,  would  have 
any  special  influence  upon  the  weight  and  dimensions  of 
the  shapes  used  by  others. 

The  application  of  this  to  the  printing  industry  is  ob- 
vious. It  is  only  the  printers  themselves  who  can  stand- 
ardize the  world's  printing.  Any  one  user  of  printing  can 
do  little  more  than  standardize  what  he  himself  uses.  It 
would  be  far  better  if  the  printers,  instead  of  spending 
practically  all  their  time  in  discussing  costs,  and  in  con- 
ferring with  one  another  as  to  how  to  get  the  public  to 
pay  the  prices  asked  would  devote  their  energies  towards 


Vll 


standardizing  printing.  If  this  were  done,  before  long,  the 
printer  would  attain  the  status  of  a  manufacturer.  At  the 
present  time  he  is  a  sort  of  hybrid — half  manufacturer  and 
half  artist.  He  is  put  in  a  class  by  himself.  The  average 
printer's  credit  at  the  banks,  and  elsewhere,  is  far  below 
that  of  the  average  manufacturer,  for  the  simple  reason 
that  conditions  in  the  industry  do  not  warrant  according 
him  any  different  position. 

These  specifications  for  the  annual  reports  of  the  Mayor 
and  the  directors  of  several  administrative  departments  of 
the  City  of  Philadelphia  were  written  without  any  idea 
that  they  would  be  used  for  actually  buying  this  printing. 
The  author  knew  nothing  about  printing  and  simply  made 
a  few  months'  study  of  it  in  the  hope  of  being  able  to  draft 
a  set  of  specifications  that  could  be  generally  used  by  the 
officials  of  cities  and  states  and  others  in  buying  printing 
of  this  kind.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  when  the  specifications 
were  finished,  they  were  used  for  buying  the  printing  of 
the  1913  reports,  and  through  their  use,  the  cost  of  the 
printing  was  more  than  cut  in  half.  The  1913  bid  totalled 
something  less  than  $6,000,  whereas,  for  the  year  preced- 
ing, the  cost  had  been  $18,000,  and  the  average  for  five 
years  before  that  was  approximately  $12,250. 

From  the  standpoint  of  the  printer,  these  specifications 
have  the  advantage  that  it  takes  him  perhaps  a  half  an 
hour  to  make  his  bid.  The  old  method  was  to  assemble 
the  copy,  on  the  theory  that  the  printer  would  sit  down 
and  carefully  analyze  it  and  make  his  bid  after  its  inspec- 
tion. By  the  development  of  a  system  of  carefully  defined 
unit  prices,  with  a  table  of  approximate  quantities  for  the 
different  kinds  of  work,  based  upon  past  experience,  all 
guess  work  is  eliminated  and  the  printer  is  enabled  to  make 
accurate  quotations  with  the  least  possible  expenditure  of 
time. 

These  specifications  are  so  drawn  that  they  can  be  made 
available  for  practically  any  city  or  state  desiring  to  use 


Vlll 


them.     Matters  of  taste  as  to  size  of  page,  etc.,  can  be 
altered  simply  by  changing  a  few  figures. 

There  is  almost  an  entire  absence  of  definite  specifica- 
tions in  this  printing  field.  Someone  before  long  will 
doubtless  draw  up  similar  specifications  for  job  work. 
While  individual  purchases  in  this  job  field  are  small,  they 
represent  in  total  by  far  the  largest  amount  of  money  ex- 
pended for  printing.  Through  the  drawing  of  definite 
specifications  and  having  free  and  open  bidding  for  all 
kinds  of  printing,  a  saving  of  a  large  amount  of  money 
would  necessarily  result. 

Revelations  made  a  few  months  ago  in  a  report  to  the 
Governor  of  the  State  of  New  York,  as  to  the  exorbitant 
prices  paid  for  state  printing,  makes  one  question  whether 
there  are  not  a  great  many  cities  and  states  that  can  profit 
by  this  publication.  As  the  preparation  of  these  specifica- 
tions was  undertaken  at  my  suggestion,  and  as  the  author 
has  done  an  exceptionally  good  piece  of  work,  it  is  a  great 
pleasure  to  recommend  to  printers  and  purchasing  agents 
a  very  careful  perusal  of  the  following  pages. 

MORRIS  L.  COOKE, 
August,  1914.  Director. 


INTRODUCTION 

The  specifications  here  exhibited  differ  from  those  in  com- 
mon use  chiefly  in  this:  that  they  give  to  bidders  informa- 
tion of  the  work  to  be  done  sufficiently  detailed  and  exact 
to  enable  them  to  bid  closely,  and  declare  particularly 
what  the  printer  shall  do  in  execution  of  the  contract.  It 
seems  rather  surprising  to  say  that  the  difference  between 
the  two  is  what  really  is  the  whole  purpose  of  a  specifica- 
tion, but  a  glance  at  the  forms  issued  and  in  use  in  Phila- 
delphia, Boston  and  a  number  of  other  cities  in  the  country 
will  confirm  the  statement:  so  little  real  information  is 
given  on  which  to  base  a  bid,  so  much  is  left  to  conjecture, 
that  printers  who  have  not  done  that  particular  work  must 
make  a  wide  margin,  in  estimating,  for  things  which  they 
may  have  overlooked,  and  for  uncertainty  in  the  con- 
tract's requirements.  In  one  city  the  wording  of  a  clause 
made  it  possible  for  the  contractor  to  receive  four  times 
the  amount  he  himself  would  have  charged  under  properly 
drawn  specifications;  and  in  all  the  forms  examined  there 
is  the  same  looseness  of  method,  the  same  lack  of  data 
which  printers  must  have  for  a  guide,  the  same  lack  of 
means  for  checking  bills.  The  final  consequence  has  been 
the  elimination  of  real  competition:  one  firm  is  awarded 
the  contract  regularly,  for  it  is  familiar,  by  experience,  with 
the  work  to  be  done;  it  stands  in,  perhaps,  with  the  muni- 
cipal authorities,  and,  because  other  firms  judge  it  useless 
to  bid,  obtains  what  is  practically  a  monopoly  of  the  print- 
ing work. 

This,  in  itself,  while  not  good  business  form,  would  not, 
perhaps,  be  detrimental  to  the  City's  interests,  if  it  could 
be  assured  of  honesty  on  the  part  of  the  contractor,  and  of 
energy  and  technical  knowledge  on  the  part  of  those  of  its 


employees  who  are  charged  with  overseeing  the  work. 
Confidence  in  the  one,  no  matter  how  well  placed,  can 
never  be  adequate,  alone,  for  the  City's  protection;  the 
nature  of  the  work  renders  the  other  assurance  unlikely, 
at  present.  While  a  city's  printing  expense  in  the  aggre- 
gate, amounts  to  a  large  sum,  it  is  split  up  into  a  vast 
number  of  small  jobs,  which,  because  of  the  average  slight 
cost,  never  receive  much  attention;  and  the  one  or  two 
large  contracts  are  not  thought  sufficient  to  justify  the  em- 
ployment of  a  man  skilled  in  the  work. 

This  condition  makes  it  all  the  more  advisable  to  have 
carefully  drawn  specifications,  which  should  allow  no  room 
for  difference  of  opinion,  which  should  declare  plainly  and 
fully  what  shall  be  done;  for  so  there  will  be  no  opportun- 
ity for  making  overcharges,  either  those  that  seem  right 
and  regular,  or  those  that  are  patently  fraudulent. 

The  specifications  herein  shown  have  been  drawn  with 
the  view  of  correcting  these  faults  of  the  forms  in  general 
use.  Their  adoption  will  necessitate  more  attention  on  the 
part  of  the  authorities,  but  the  economies  effected  will  re- 
pay the  cost  of  the  time  which  may  be  spent  in  the  execu- 
tion of  the  contract.  There  is  another  advantage — an  in- 
tangible one,  which  will  accrue  to  the  city  official:  the  in- 
evitable judgment  of  the  printer  who  is  asked  to  bid  on 
a  loosely  drawn  specification  is  that  there  is  collusion  be- 
tween one  contractor  and  the  department  officers;  faults 
that  are  due  to  a  lack  of  technical  knowledge  are  ascribed 
to  criminal  intent;  and  the  officials  lose  in  reputation  just 
as  much  as  the  city  loses  in  money.  The  correction  of  that 
judgment  should  be  an  added  incentive  to  the  adoption  of 
a  specification  form  that  will  stop,  as  well,  the  money  loss. 

Printing  work  is  divided  into  four  distinct  parts:  the 
purchase  of  paper,  photo-engraving,  composition  and  press- 
work,  and  book-binding.  It  is  usual  to  let  all  the  work  in 
one  contract  to  the  printer,  who  has,  by  far,  the  largest 
share;  and  here  is  the  first  error. 


It  is  vain  to  expect  low  bids  from  persons  not  engaged 
in  the  particular  class  of  work  bid  upon.  A  printer  who 
bids  for  furnishing  paper,  first  obtains  prices  from  the 
paper  makers,  and  then  puts  in  his  bid  at  a  price  varying 
from  ten  to  twenty-five  per  cent  higher;  the  increase  is 
to  compensate  him  for  the  expenditure  of  money  for  the 
paper's  purchase  and  for  the  long  time  he  must  wait  before 
he  is  repaid  by  the  government.  Similarly  with  the  bind- 
ing; printers  are  not,  ordinarily,  equipped  to  do  this  work 
economically;  they  must  have  it  done  by  the  book-binders, 
whose  price  is  considerably  increased  when  it  is  passed  on 
to  the  city. 

It  is  advisable,  therefore,  to  divide  the  work  so  that  each 
part  may  be  estimated  upon  by  persons  regularly  engaged 
in  the  particular  business.  The  following  divisions  have 
been  made  in  these  specifications:  paper;  photo-engrav- 
ing; composition,  presswork  and  pamphlet  binding;  and 
book  binding.  A  discussion  of  those  articles  of  the  specifi- 
cations that  require  explanation  or  comment,  follows;  the 
specifications  themselves  are  made  for  the  city  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  are  designed,  in  particulars,  for  the  documents 
there  issued. 

The  specifications  and  bid  form  for  the  paper  requires 
little  comment;  the  method  adopted  is  thought  to  be  fair 
and  very  practicable:  first  find  a  suitable  paper,  and  re- 
quire that  the  paper  bid  on  and  to  be  furnished  shall  be 
equal  in  quality.  It  would,  perhaps,  be  desirable  to  de- 
clare that  the  paper  shall  be  made  according  to  a  certain 
formula  given,  but  where  the  quantity  needed  is  compara- 
tively small,  as  in  Philadelphia,  the  mills  would  not  find  it 
profitable  to  make  a  special  run ;  either  bids  would  be  very 
high,  or  firms  would  not  bid  at  all.  Inasmuch  as  paper 
dealers  sometimes  take  advantage  of  the  inexperience  of 
purchasers  to  substitute  a  cheaper  and  inferior  paper  for 
that  specified  and  bid  upon,  it  is  always  advisable  to  test 
that  which  is  furnished.  Notice  that  this  will  be  done  is, 


often,  sufficient  to  deter  the  dealer  from  making  such  a 
substitution. 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING.  Ordinarily  not  much  attention  is  paid 
to  this  class  of  work.  It  seems  to  be  merely  incidental  to 
the  more  important  printing,  and,  apparently,  calls  for  no 
great  outlay ;  but  for  this  very  reason  there  is  freer  oppor- 
tunity for  graft  than  in  either  the  composition  or  binding. 

The  specifications  do  not,  ordinarily,  declare  how  much 
engraving  work  will  be  ordered,  and  the  supposition  is, 
comparatively  little.  The  honest  bidder  will  submit  a 
reasonable  price ;  the  favored  contractor  will  bid  two,  three 
and  even  four  times  that  price;  and  as  the  quotations  are 
made  per  square  inch,  the  difference  between  six  and 
twenty  cents  seems  rather  insignificant.  But  for  municipal 
or  governmental  reports  illustrations  are  abundantly  used; 
on  an  average,  four  or  five  thousand  square  inches  of  half 
tone  and  line  plates  are  made,  each  year;  so  the  difference 
is  quite  a  respectable  sum.  Indeed  in  one  year,  for  a 
Philadelphia  report,  the  cost  of  half  tone  and  line  plates 
was  nearly  two  thousand  dollars,  of  which  two-thirds  was 
clear  profit  to  the  printing  contractor. 

This,  in  itself,  shows  the  advisability  of  accepting  bids 
only  from  firms  regularly  engaged  in  the  work  bid  upon; 
for  engravers  would  never  think  of  asking  20  cents  per 
square  inch  for  line  work,  or  25  cents  for  ordinary  half 
tones;  the  trade  prices  of  which  are  5  to  7  for  line  and  10 
to  15  cents  for  half  tone  work. 

Lithograph  work  should  not,  in  ordinary  cases,  be  speci- 
fied: it  is  expensive  for  works  of  reference.  Where,  how- 
ever, it  is  advisable  to  have  drawings  lithographed,  a  copy 
of  the  plate,  in  colors,  should  be  attached  to  the  specifica- 
tions, the  quantity  to  be  printed  given,  and  a  price  asked 
for  furnishing  the  plates  complete.  If  the  number  of  copies 
required  cannot  be  ascertained  until  after  bids  have  been 
received,  a  price  should  be  asked  for  an  approximate  num- 
ber, and  a  price  for  each  additional  hundred.  In  no  case 


should  bids  be  asked  "per  hundred"  without  stating  the 
number  of  copies  to  be  ordered ;  for  in  such  case  the  bidder 
(.•stimates  on  furnishing  one  hundred  only,  for  which  the 
price  is  very  high  because  of  the  cost  of  making  plates,  and 
for  each  additional  hundred  ordered  the  purchaser  pays 
again  for  the  plates;  whereas,  if  the  bid  is  submitted  in  the 
form  first  above  given,  the  price  for  each  additional  hun- 
dred is  about  one-sixth  that  of  the  first,  or  even  less. 

COMPOSITION.  The  highest  degree  of  particularity  is  de- 
sirable, and  even  necessary,  in  writing  specifications  for 
this  division  of  the  work;  the  type  face,  type  size,  method 
of  measurement,  should  all  be  stated  with  sufficient  exact- 
ness to  make  evasion  or  misunderstanding  impossible.  The 
measurement  especially  needs  clear  definition;  the  com- 
mon form,  per  thousand  ems,  is  objectionable  in  that  it 
affords  room  for  difference  of  opinion;  thus,  for  composi- 
tion set  with  six  point  slug,  measurement  was  made  as  for 
solid  matter,  and  so  charged;  the  charge  was  defended  on 
the  ground  that  the  compositors  were  paid  on  that  basis; 
but  it  is  also  customary  to  measure  the  line  width  and 
multiply  that  by  the  number  of  lines;  a  method  which  ex- 
cludes leads  and  slugs.  Here  was  a  conflict  which  ought 
never  to  have  arisen ;  the  looseness  of  the  specifications  cost 
the  city  a  considerable  sum  of  money.  The  method 
adopted,  of  asking  a  price  per  page  and  giving  the  exact 
size  of  the  type  page,  effectually  obviates  all  dispute. 

It  should  be  noted  that  an  estimate  is  made  of  the  num- 
ber of  pages  of  composed  matter  which  the  reports  will 
contain.  Without  such  an  estimate  it  would  not  be  possi- 
ble fairly  to  determine  who  is  the  low  bidder;  one  firm 
might  bid  low  on  one  size  of  type,  another  on  a  second 
size,  and  unless  the  probable  cost  of  the  work  can  be  figured 
fairly  closely  from  the  bids,  by  means  of  the  estimate  of 
quantities,  it  might  turn  out  that  what  seemed  to  be  a 
low  bid  is  actually  high. 

This  remark  applies  equally  to  the  presswork  and  bind- 


6 


ing.  It  often  happens  that  one  firm  bids  high  on  composi- 
tion, low  on  presswork  and  binding;  another  may  be  low  on 
composition  and  high  on  presswork;  and  unless  quantities 
are  given,  it  is  utterly  impossible  to  determine  which  is  the 
low  bid. 

PRESSWORK.  In  some  of  the  cities  it  has  been  customary 
to  ask  for  a  bid  on  presswork,  per  token,  without  giving 
the  size  of  the  forms  or  the  quantities  (number  of  impres- 
sions to  be  run  off).  It  is  utterly  impossible  for  a  printer 
to  quote  a  price  in  such  a  manner;  the  cost  of  presswork 
varies  with  the  size  of  the  form  and  with  the  number  of 
impressions;  fifty  cents  per  token  for  a  16  page  form 
would  be  proper  for  a  large  quantity,  while  $2.50  per  token 
for  the  same  size  form  would  not  be  too  much  for  a  small 
quantity.  The  appearance  of  such  an  item  in  a  specifica- 
tion is,  in  the  opinion  of  the  experienced  printer,  conclu- 
sive evidence  of  collusion  between  a  favored  contractor  and 
the  city  officials.  For  it  is  possible,  where  a  low  price  is 
bid,  to  compel  the  contractor  to  impose  32's  and  64's,  if  he 
is  not  favored;  conversely,  a  contractor  who  is  "in"  may 
bid  what  is  a  reasonable  price  for  a  32,  and  then  impose 
in  16's  and  8's;  the  cost  of  working  the  small  forms  is  con- 
siderably less  than  for  the  larger,  and  the  presswork  is  in- 
creased two  and  four  fold. 

Here  also,  therefore,  as  in  the  other  divisions  of  the 
work,  the  printer  should  be  advised  exactly  what  he  will 
have  to  do.  The  forms  are  fixed  as  32's  the  largest  which 
can  be  used  advantageously  for  the  weight  of  paper  speci- 
fied; larger  forms  would  make  the  books  clumsy. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  bill  form  upon  which  the  con- 
tractor must  make  composition  and  presswork  charges;  it 
is  designed  to  show  clearly  what  the  work  is  for  which 
charges  are  made.  A  lack  of  method  in  this  particular 
makes  it  rather  easy  for  a  printer  dishonestly  inclined  to 
pad  a  presswork  bill  considerably. 

TIME  WORK  ON  ALTERATIONS.   In  no  other  division  has  it 


been  found  so  difficult  to  control  or  oversee  the  action  of 
the  contractor.  There  is  very  little  to  show  wh:it  time  \v;is 
spent  in  making  alterations,  and,  very  often,  the  omission 
or  addition  of  a  word  may  render  necessary  the  over- 
running of  an  entire  paragraph,  or  recasting,  as  the  <\i.se 
may  be.  Consequently,  the  unscrupulous  printer  feels  that 
here  he  can  overcharge  with  comparative  safety,  and  bill 
for  time  which  was  never  spent.  There  is  no  method 
known  which  can  accurately  check  the  charges  made;  the 
one  adopted,  of  showing  the  changes  which  were  actually 
made  in  the  composed  matter,  enables  one  to  judge  whether 
the  charge  is  inflated  or  reasonable;  then,  too,  it  is  thought 
unlikely  that  the  compositor  will  sign  a  false  statement 
when  he  derives  no  advantage  from  the  act. 

PAMPHLET  BINDING.  It  was  thought  advisable  to  sepa- 
rate this  from  the  book  (leather  and  cloth)  binding,  be- 
cause most  large  printers  are  equipped  to  do  the  one,  while 
they  are  not,  for  the  other.  The  great  variety  of  bureau 
and  departmental  reports,  in  size  and  contents,  makes  it 
impossible  to  have  a  simpler  and  less  multiform  bid 
schedule  than  the  one  adopted,  which,  while  it  assures 
exactitude  of  charge,  makes  necessary  only  a  little  addi- 
tional bookkeeping. 

The  prices  for  binding  pamphlets  vary  with  the  number 
of  forms,  inserts,  etc.;  the  larger  the  number  of  forms  to 
be  folded,  the  number  of  plates  to  be  inserted  and  folded, 
the  higher  the  cost.  The  specifications  provide,  therefore, 
for  a  graded  increase  in  size  of  the  book;  the  price  per 
volume  is  to  include  folding,  trimming,  wiring  and  pasting 
of  covers.  Inserts  and  folds  are  to  be  charged  for  at  so 
much  per  thousand;  for,  as  this  work  is  done  separately,  by 
hand,  it  matters  little  whether  the  plates  are  inserted  in 
one  book  or  another;  the  cost  is  the  same. 

The  form  of  specification,  both  for  pamphlet  and  book 
binding,  now  in  use  in  most  cities,  makes  it  impossible  for 
a  stranger  to  the  work  to  bid  intelligently.  In  one  specifi- 


8 


cation  examined,  all  the  binding  work,  pamphlet  and  book, 
was  included  in  one  form  of  estimate;  no  information  was 
given  to  the  bidder  about  the  size  or  number  of  volumes  to 
be  bound;  since  the  books  actually  varied  from  20  pages, 
without  inserts,  to  1100  pages,  with  a  hundred  inserts,  it 
was  clearly  impossible  to  make  a  unit  price,  which  was 
asked  for.  A  blanket  estimate  was,  therefore,  made  even 
by  the  contractor  familiar  with  the  work,  to  cover  all 
binding,  for  the  same  quantity,  approximately,  as  bound 
the  last  year.  The  inadequacy  and  absurdity  of  the  bid 
is  clear;  for  what  would  happen  if  a  larger  number  of  vol- 
umes were  ordered,  and  how  the  increase  would  be  charged, 
cannot  even  be  guessed. 

BOOK  BINDING.  The  form  of  bid  for  this  work  is  similar 
to  that  for  pamphlet  binding;  the  specifications  are  as  de- 
tailed and  particular  as  is  desirable.  It  is  common,  on 
this  kind  of  work,  to  ask  a  price  per  volume,  complete; 
but  this  cannot  well  be  done  for  municipal  reports,  which 
vary  considerably  in  size  and  number  of  inserts. 

A  few  words  may  be  said  concerning  the  attitude  of 
printers  toward  government  work.  It  has  been  the  ex- 
perience in  Philadelphia  that  the  largest  and  best  reputed 
firms  were  reluctant  to  bid  upon  any  city  printing;  they 
felt  that  their  work  in  estimating  would  be  thrown  away, 
because  the  contract  in  any  event,  would  be  awarded  to  the 
favored  political  contractor;  and  some  even  expressed  the 
fear  that,  even  if  they  should  bid  low  and  obtain  the  con- 
tract, they  would  be  harassed  by  the  officials  and  the  speci- 
fications interpreted  in  such  a  manner  that  they  would 
surely  lose  in  the  undertaking. 

This,  of  course,  was  before  the  terms  of  these  specifica- 
tions were  explained  to  them;  but  even  then  it  required 
much  persuasive  argument,  and  in  some  cases,  pleading 
and  calling  upon  the  civic  pride  of  the  printer,  before  a 
promise  was  made  to  submit  a  bid;  so  deeply  rooted  was  the 
belief  that  the  city  official  iz  corrupt  and  his  methods  un- 


9 


fair.  The  experience  of  Philadelphia  is,  no  doubt,  the  ex- 
perience of  all  other  cities  of  the  country;  until  business 
men  are  shown,  in  a  practical  way,  that  they  will  be 
treated  just  as  other  business  men  would  treat  them,  they 
will  continue  to  suspect  and  keep  aloof  from  all  city  work. 
The  adoption  of  a  fair  and  adequate  specification — 
one  that  can  be  interpreted  only  one  way,  will  do  much  to 
change  the  feeling  of  mistrust,  and  will  convince  the 
printer  that  he  will  be  fairly  treated.  And  once  the  most 
reputable  firms  are  interested  it  cannot  but  result  that  the 
work  will  be  improved  in  quality  and  its  cost  diminished. 

Another  word  on  the  subject  of  advertising:  it  will  be 
found  profitable  to  ask  for  bids  from  printers  located  in 
some  of  the  surrounding  towns  and  cities.  All  the  larger 
cities  have  master  printers  associations,  the  purpose  of 
which  is  to  prevent  ruinous  competition  among  the  mem- 
bers. A  printer  who  has  had  a  particular  job  for  any 
length  of  time,  comes,  however,  to  think  of  it  as  his  own 
— that  he  has  acquired  it  for  himself,  his  heirs  and  assigns. 
If  other  printers  are  asked  to  estimate  on  that  work,  he  ad- 
vises the  association,  and  asks  for  protection;  the  associa- 
tion then  fixes  a  price  below  which  the  other  members  may 
not  bid.  This  combination  can,  ordinarily,  be  defeated  by 
calling  in  outside  printers;  but  if  the  names  of  the  bidders 
are  known,  the  association  of  the  one  town  will  communi- 
cate with  that  of  the  other,  and  very  likely  collaborate 
with  it  in  fixing  the  price.  This,  it  is  true,  may  not  be  an 
exorbitant  one,  but  the  combination  effectually  prevents 
competitive  bidding. 

JOSEPH  B.  SMARR. 

August,  1914. 


SPECIFICATIONS 

FOR 

PAPER,  PHOTO-ENGRAVING,  COMPOSITION 

PRESSWORK,  PAMPHLET  BINDING 

AND  BOOK  BINDING 

FOR  THE  ANNUAL  REPORTS  OF  THE  MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS 
OF  THE  CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA,  FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


Bids  will  be  received,  and  the  work  will  be  divided,  under 
four  headings,  as  follows: 

1  furnishing  paper 

2  photo-engraving 

3  composition,  presswork  and  pamphlet  binding 

4  book  binding 

Bids  will  be  received  only  from  persons  regularly  engaged 
in  the  class  of  work  bid  for.  Conditional  bids  will  not  be 
considered.  Bids  must  be  made  upon  the  proposal  form 
attached  to  the  specifications  for  each  of  the  four  heads 
noted  above. 

Ample  time  has  been  allowed  for  the  completion  of  all 
work  under  these  specifications;  failure  to  complete  the 
work  on  time  will  subject  the  contractor  to  a  penalty  of 
twenty-five  dollars  per  day  for  every  day  of  delay  in 
turning  out  the  work  at  the  times  fixed  by  these  specifica- 
tions. This  provision  is  made  a  condition  of  the  contract. 

The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  all  bids  wrhen  deemed  best 
for  the  interests  of  the  City. 

SS— 4 


Proposals  must  be  accompanied  by  a  certificate  from  the 
City  Solicitor  that  a  proposal  bond  for  five  hundred  dollars 
has  been  filed  with  him. 

The  successful  bidder  will  be  required  to  file  a  bond  for 
fifty  per  cent,  of  the  amount  of  the  contract,  or  deposit  a 
certified  check  in  the  name  of  the  Director  for  twenty-five 
per  cent,  of  such  amount. 


13 


BOOK  PAPER 

Book  paper  will  be  English  finish,  high  white,  38  by  50/100, 
500  sheets  to  the  ream  cased;  must  be  equal  to  the  sample 
attached  in  color,  cleanliness,  strength,  finish  and  texture; 
and  must  be  suitable  for  printing  133  line  halftones; 
about  75  reams  will  be  ordered. 

Cover  paper  will  be  20  by  25/65,  500  sheets  to  the  ream 
equal  in  quality  to  the  sample  attached  (Dill  &  Collins 
Duchess,  listed  at  9c  per  pound) ;  about  two  reams  will  be 
ordered. 

Bidders  will  be  required  to  submit  samples  of  the  paper 
bid  on.  The  book  paper  delivered  by  the  contractor  will 
be  tested,  and  if  found  deficient  in  quality  will  be  rejected. 
Ten  days  will  be  allowed  for  delivery. 

The  prices  bid  will  include  delivery  to  the  printer,  if  in 
Philadelphia;  if  without  the  city,  delivery  to  the  railroad, 
in  which  case  the  paper  contractor  will  pay  freight  and 
charge  it  to  the  City  as  an  extra.  Bills  must  be  submitted 
in  triplicate,  accompanied  by  vouchers  from  the  printer 
that  the  quantity  of  paper  ordered  has  been  delivered. 

Director, 

Department  of  Supplies. 

The  undersigned  will  furnish  book  and  cover  paper,  as 
specified  above,  as  follows: 
38  by  50/100  book,  English  finish    (approx.    75    reams) 

per  Ib. 

20  by   25/65   cover  paper,   Duchess   or  equal     (2  reams) 

per  Ib. 


14 


PHOTO-ENGRAVING 

Half  tone  and  line  engravings  will  be  printed  upon  paper 
38  by  50/100,  English  finish;  plates  must  be  furnished 
complete  for  printing,  set  type  high  upon  wood  guaranteed 
not  to  warp. 

Plates  shall  be  made  direct  from  the  copies  furnished, 
which  will  be  clear  and  free  from  defects  which  may  pre- 
vent the  engraver  from  turning  out  good  work.  All  cuts 
must  be  etched  deep,  clean  and  sharp.  Half  tone  engrav- 
ings will  be  made  on  133  line  screen,  from  photographs  or 
drawings;  line  engravings  will  be  made  from  pen  and  ink 
drawings  on  vellum.  All  work  will  be  finished  square. 

The  engraver  will  be  required  to  furnish  proofs  upon  the 
paper  to  be  used,  which  must  be  passed  for  workmanship 
before  the  cuts  will  be  accepted;  all  cuts  rejected  must  be 
worked  over  until  the  required  effect  is  obtained,  or  new 
cuts  furnished,  of  approved  quality. 

About  1000  square  inches  of  line  work  and  about  1500 
square  inches  of  half  tone  engraving  will  be  required,  no 
single  plate  to  contain  less  than  12  square  inches.  The  low 
bid  will  be  calculated  upon  these  quantities.  All  cuts 
ordered  must  be  delivered  complete,  to  the  printer, 
within  one  week  after  the  order  is  given  and  copy  fur- 
nished; proofs  furnished  will  be  returned  promptly,  so  that 
the  work  may  not  be  delayed.  If  the  printer  is  located 
without  the  city,  expressage  shall  be  charged  to  the  City 
as  an  extra.  All  work  will  be  black. 

Alterations  that  may  be  made  to  line  cuts  now  owned 
by  the  City,  so  that  they  may  be  used  for  the  present  work, 
will  be  charged  for  by  the  hour.  Bills  for  alterations  must 
be  accompanied  by  proofs  of  the  cut,  before  and  after 
alterations  made,  with  a  memorandum  signed  by  the  work- 
man who  has  made  them,  showing  how  many  hours  were 
spent  upon  it. 


15 

Each  cut  made  shall  be  charged  separately,  and  a  proof 
of  it  must  accompany  the  bill.  All  original  drawings  and 
photographs  must  be  returned  with  the  cuts,  before  the 
bills  will  be  approved. 

Director, 

Department  of  Supplies: 

The  undersigned  proposes  to  make  half  tone  and  line 
engravings  for  the  annual  departmental  reports  for  the 
year  1913,  according  to  the  specifications  attached,  as 
follows: 

half  tone  engravings,  one  color, per  sq.  in. 

line  engravings,  one  color, per  sq.  in. 

alterations  to  engravings, per  hour 


16 


COMPOSITION,  PRESSWORK  AND 
PAMPHLET  BINDING 

The  work  to  be  done  under  these  specifications  is  the  com- 
position and  presswork,  together  with  the  pamphlet  bind- 
ing, of  the  annual  reports  of  the  several  departments  and 
constituent  bureaus  of  the  municipal  government. 
These  reports  will  be  issued  and  bound  as  follows: 

1  message  volumes,  approximately  720  pages  each; 

a  volume  1,  containing  the  mayor's  message,  the 
reports  of  the  director  and  bureau  chiefs  of  the 
Department  of  Public  Safety,  and  the  report 
of  the  Civil  Service  Commission. 

b  volume  2,  containing  the  reports  of  the  director 
and  bureau  chiefs  of  the  Department  of  Pub- 
lic Works,  and  the  reports  of  the  Department 
of  Wharves,  Docks  and  Ferries  and  of  the 
City  Transit  Department. 

c  volume  3,  containing  the  report  of  the  director 
and  bureau  chiefs  of  the  Department  of  Public 
Health  and  Charities  and  the  reports  of  all 
other  municipal  departments. 

2  department  volumes,  varying,  approximately,  from  160 

to  544  pages  each; 

ii  Public  Safety,  containing  the  reports  of  the  di- 
rector and  bureau  chiefs  of  that  department. 

b  Public  Works,  containing  the  reports  of  the  di- 
rector and  bureau  chiefs  of  that  department. 

c     Supply  Department. 

d    City  Transit  Department. 

e    Department  of  Wharves,  Docks  and  Ferries. 

f      Law  Department. 

g    Civil  Service  Commission. 


17 


3  bureau  volumes,  varying  approximately,  from  32  to  544 

pages  each;  each  volume  will  contain  the  re- 
port of  the  bureau  chief. 

4  Preliminary  report,  approximately  400  pages;  contain- 

ing the  mayor's  message  and  the  reports  of  the 
directors  of  the  several  departments. 

The  annexed  schedule,  marked  "A",  shows  the  number  of 
volumes  printed  and  bound  for  the  year  1912;  approxi- 
mately the  same  quantities  will  be  issued  for  the  present 
year.  Complete  sets  of  all  volumes  may  be  seen  in  the 
office  of  the  Mayor;  bidders  are  requested  to  examine  them 
before  estimating. 

COMPOSITION 

Bids  will  be  a  flat  price  per  page,  for  each  of  the  following 
siaes: 

1  10  point,     10  set,  on  12  pt.  body 

2  8  point,  Sy2  set,  on  10  pt.  body 

3  6  point      7  set,  on    8  pt.  body 

Prices  will  be  submitted  also,  as  follows: 

4  time  work  on  alterations,  per  hour 

5  cuts,  full  page,  per  page. 

The  page  will  be  39  pica  ems  long  by  22  pica  ems  wide,  or 
approximately  6%  in.  by  3%  in.  The  type  will  be  the 
Monotype  8-A.  The  ten  point  will  be  used  for  text,  eight 
point  for  index,  six  point  for  tabular  matter.  All  tabular 
matter  will  be  ruled,  and  chiefly  in  full  page  form. 

Printers  who  have  only  linotype  machines  will  be  al- 
lowed to  bid  on  the  No.  21  Linotype  face,  10  point  for  text, 
8  point  for  index,  and  6  point  for  tabular  matter.  Printers 
will  say  in  their  bid  which  type  they  bid  upon. 

There  will  be  about  1000  pages  of  tabular  matter,  1000 
pages  of  text,  and  about  20  pages  of  index  and  other  eight 


18 


point  matter;  calculations  for  the  low  bid  will  be  made 
upon  these  quantities. 

The  forms  for  final  revise  must  be  kept  standing  until 
the  revise  is  made;  no  extra  charge  will  be  allowed  for 
keeping  this  matter  standing. 

All  charges  shall  be  made  upon  the  basis  of  price  per 
type  page  and  fractions  thereof,  counting  6%  in.  to  the 
page.  Every  section  of  type,  on  a  full  page,  even  if  only 
one  line  deep,  shall  be  measured  and  charged  for  in  the 
proper  classification.  Measurements  on  matter  of  two 
different  sizes  on  one  page  shall  be  taken  from  a  point  mid- 
way between  the  two.  The  price  per  page  for  full  page 
cuts  will  include  the  setting  of  the  caption. 

Cuts  less  than  full  page  will  be  charged  for  at  the  rate 
per  page  of  12  point  body,  which  price  will  include  the 
caption.  Cuts  full  page  or  less  in  size  will  be  imposed 
within  the  text  forms. 

No  charge  for  composition  will  be  allowed  for  full 
blanks,  but  partial  pages  will  be  considered  as  full,  and 
figured  on  the  basis  of  the  entire  page  being  set  in  the 
same  size  as  is  used  on  the  part  actually  set. 

On  text  folders  the  charge  will  be  for  the  area  covered 
on  the  scale  which  applies  to  the  size  of  the  type  used; 
cuts,  furniture,  etc.,  will  not  be  reckoned  in  the  measure- 
ment. This  means  that  where  the  composition  on  a  folder 
occupies  space  twice  or  thrice  the  size  of  the  text  page,  the 
charge  for  this  folder  will  be  twice  or  thrice  the  page  rate. 
Fifty  cents  will  be  allowed  for  the  caption  on  each  folder, 
and  for  each  cut  used  in  the  folder,  but  no  other  charge 
will  be  allowed  for  composition  or  lock-up  on  folders. 

Composition  shall  be  billed  separately  for  each  report; 
accompanying  every  charge  for  composition  shall  be  a  copy 
of  the  report,  marked  to  show  how  figured;  the  charge  for 
lock-up  and  any  necessary  tying-up  or  putting  away  is 
included  in  the  composition  rate.  Bills  must  be  made  in 
triplicate,  in  the  form  prescribed  by  these  specifications. 


19 


CORRECTIONS 

No  charge  will  be  allowed  for  the  ordinary  minor  author's 
corrections  which  are  invariably  made  even  from  carefully 
prepared  copy.  No  charge  will  be  allowed  unless  a  memo- 
randum, showing  the  number  of  hours  consumed  in  making 
the  corrections,  accompanies  the  proof  on  which  the  cor- 
rections referred  to  are  made.  These  memoranda  must  be 
made  by  the  compositor  making  the  corrections,  and  must 
be  signed  by  him;  they  must  show  the  number  of  pages 
upon  which  the  work  was  done,  and  the  number  of  hours, 
and  should  be  numbered  consecutively. 

Where  charges  are  made  for  canceled  matter,  a  proof  of 
the  canceled  matter  must  accompany  the  memorandum  bill. 
The  charge  will  be  made  upon  the  basis  of  the  price  per 
page  for  the  size  of  type  used. 

Additions  will  not  be  "paid  for  as  corrections  except  as 
they  may  involve  corrections  in  matter  already  set  up. 

STYLE 

The  printer  will  familiarize  himself  with  the  instructions 
given  in  the  style  book  attached  hereto,  and  made  a  part  of 
these  specifications;  he  will  be  expected  to  follow  them  in 
every  particular.  Title  or  display  pages,  headings  and 
cover  pages  for  paper  bound  reports  must  be  set  up  as 
shown  in  the  style  book. 

PROOFS 

The  price  bid  for  composition  includes  careful  and  accurate 
proof-reading,  and  carries  with  it  the  responsibility  for  the 
discovery  of  errors  and  departures  of  any  kind  from  the 
copy;  the  proof-reader's  corrections  must  be  made  before 
the  proofs  are  submitted.  Three  sets  of  galley  proofs  and 
three  sets  of  page  proofs  on  all  copy  are  to  be  furnisshed, 
and,  where  the  number  of  corrections  warrant  it,  or  where 
requested  for  any  other  reason,  another  galley  or  another 


20 


page  proof  of  any  galleys  or  pages  is  to  be  supplied  with- 
out charge.  Extra  proofs  will  be  paid  for  at  the  rate  of 
two  cents  per  page  or  galley. 

Errors  of  composition  or  deviation  from  the  style  book 
furnished  are  to  be  corrected  before  proofs  are  submitted. 
Galley  proofs  are  to  be  furnished  within  72  hours  after 
receipt  of  copy;  page  proofs  must  be  furnished  within  72 
hours  after  receipt  of  corrected  galley  proofs.  We  will 
expect  an  output  of  75  pages  per  day. 

PRESSWORK 

The  forms  will  be  32's,  wherever  possible,  also  16's,  8's,  and 
4's;  and  the  prices  submitted  will  be  blank  cents  per  token 
of  250  impressions,  on  runs  of  500,  1000,  2000,  3000  and 
4000.  The  number  of  copies  to  be  ordered,  and  conse- 
quently the  number  of  impressions  for  each  report,  are 
shown  on  the  schedule  of  approximate  quantities  marked 
A.  There  will  not  be  less  than  two  token  for  any  one 
report. 

There  will  be  approximately  50  forms  of  32's;  20  forms 
of  16's;  6  forms  of  8's;  30  forms  of  4's.  The  runs  will  vary 
between  500  and  5000  for  the  different  reports.  The  low 
bidder  will  be  he  who  is  low  on  these  quantities.  Cover 
pages  for  paper  bound  reports  will  be  charged  as  four  page 
forms. 

We  will  expect  the  printer  to  make  use  of  any  possible 
combination  by  means  of  which  the  presswork  charges  will 
be  lessened. 

All  work  is  to  be  from  type,  on  an  English  finish  paper, 
38  by  50/100;  presswork  on  folders  will  be  figured  in  the 
same  way  as  text  forms,  and  no  charge  for  make-up  will  be 
allowed.  Forms  must  be  imposed  to  suit  the  binder,  whose 
instructions  the  printer  must  receive  before  he  may  begin 
the  presswork. 

Charges  for  presswork  must  be  made  separately  for  each 
report,  in  the  form  prescribed,  which  shows  in  detail  the 


21 


size  and  number  of  forms  and  tokens  charged  for.  It  will 
be  noticed  that  the  forms  for  each  report,  for  both  the 
bureau  and  department  volumes,  will  vary  only  in  the  page 
numbers;  the  presswork  for  both  volumes,  therefore,  will 
be  charged  for  as  making  one  run. 

The  best  grade  of  commercial  black  ink  must  be  used, 
and  we  will  expect  the  printed  page  to  show  out  clear  and 
sharp.  For  the  price  quoted  on  each  half  tone  cut  we  ex- 
pect the  work  to  be  equal  to  the  engraver's  proof,  in  so  far 
as  it  is  possible  to  make  steam  presswork  equal  hand  press- 
work.  The  cuts  will  go  to  the  printer  in  good  condition; 
he  will  not  be  expected  to  run  off  a  form  until  each  of  the 
cuts  and  all  the  type  in  that  form  are  in  such  condition  as 
to  assure  good  work.  The  printer's  name  or  mark  will  not 
be  used  on  the  cover  of  any  volume,  but  may,  on  written 
permission  obtained,  be  printed  on  the  back  of  the  title 
page.  Maps  and  charts  will  be  printed  upon  linen  map 
paper  of  good  quality,  which  will  be  furnished  by  the 
printer  and  charged  for  as  an  extra.  Paper  for  all  folders 
shall  be  at  least  as  wide  as  the  page  is  high,  so  that  the 
folders  may  trim  even  with  the  text  page. 

With  the  submission  of  the  first  page  proof  the  printer 
will  advise  the  Department  of  the  number  of  pages  each 
report  will  contain,  when  printed,  and  the  quantity  of 
paper,  in  fractions  of  a  ream,  which  each  report  will  re- 
quire; calculations  for  the  quantity  of  paper  needed  for  the 
entire  edition  will  be  made  from  these  figures. 

The  Department  will  furnish  the  book  and  cover  paper; 
there  will  be  stock  enough  for  the  edition  and  five  per  cent, 
over.  Upon  receipt  of  the  paper  the  printer  will  take  out 
a  sheet  from  each  case  and  forward  them  to  the  Depart- 
ment for  inspection,  and  he  will  not  begin  the  presswork 
until  he  has  been  advised  that  the  paper  is  approved.  He 
will  weigh  the  paper  received  and  should  promptly  report 
any  shortage;  if  no  such  shortage  is  reported  the  paper 
maker's  count  will  be  accepted  as  correct. 

The  printer  is  expected  to  make  a  hand  count  at  the 


22 


press  and  he  will  deliver  to  the  binder  such  a  number  of 
perfect  sheets  as  will  enable  him,  with  care,  to  turn  out  the 
number  of  volumes  ordered.  Two  per  cent,  will  be  allowed 
the  printer,  and  three  to  the  binder,  for  waste. 

All  cuts  or  plates  furnished  by  the  City  must  be  kept  in 
such  condition  that  they  may  be  returned  upon  comple- 
tion of  the  work;  and  they  must  be  so  returned,  in  good 
condition,  without  expense  to  the  City,  before  the  bill  for 
the  work  upon  which  they  were  used  will  be  approved. 

DELIVERIES 

The  flat  printed  sheets  for  the  book  binder  must  be  turned 
over  to  him  within  twenty  days  after  the  approval  of  the 
last  page  proof  or  after  advice  that  the  paper  has  passed 
inspection.  They  must  be  securely  packed,  and  each  case 
must  be  marked  by  the  printer  to  show  the  department  or 
bureau,  the  signatures  and  the  quantity.  Where  the 
binder's  place  of  business  is  in  the  same  city  as  that  of  the 
printer,  delivery  must  be  made  to  him,  at  the  printer's 
cost;  where  it  is  in  a  different  city,  the  printer  will  deliver 
to  the  railroad  and  pay  the  freight,  which  may  be  charged 
to  the  City  as  an  extra. 

PAMPHLET  BINDING 

The  paper  covered  bureau  reports  and  all  paper  covered 
department  reports  except  those  for  Safety,  Works  and 
Health,  will  be  wired  with  four  staples,  trimmed,  and  have 
the  covers  pasted.  These  volumes  will  vary  in  thickness 
from  16  to  544  pages.  Inserts  will  not  be  pasted.  The 
appendix  marked  "A"  will  show,  approximately,  the  num- 
ber of  volumes  which  will  be  paper  covered,  and  the 
number  of  pages  each  may  contain. 

Calculations  for  the  low  bid  will  be  made  upon  the 
quantities  shown  in  Appendix  A. 

Prices  will  be  submitted   for   folding,   wiring,  trimming 


23 


and  pasting  covers,  per  hundred  volumes,  and  for  inserting 
and  folding  plates,  per  thousand,  as  follows: 

1  Book,  96  pages  or  less  per  hundred  volumes 

2  97    to   256  pages 

3  257    to   400  pages 

4  401    to   544  pages  "         " 

5  inserting  plates,  per  thousand 

6  folding  inserts,  per  thousand  folds. 

There  will  be  about  ten  folders,  averaging  four  folds 
each,  with  an  average  of  300  copies  for  each  folder.  Direc- 
tions for  the  insertion  of  folders  will  be  found  in  the  specifi- 
cations for  book-binding. 

The  finished  copies  of  the  paper  covered  reports  must  be 
delivered  to  the  department  or  bureau  offices  interested, 
within  three  weeks  after  the  approval  of  the  last  page 
proof. 

The  printer  will  be  held  responsible  for  any  loss,  by  fire 
or  otherwise,  which  may  be  sustained  while  the  work  is  in 
his  hands  and  until  it  reaches  the  binder  or  the  City,  as 
the  case  may  be. 

No  charges  for  extras  will  be  allowed,  except  as  they  are 
specifically  referred  to  in  these  specifications.  Bills  for 
extras  must  show  authorization.  No  change  whatever  will 
be  permitted  in  these  specifications. 

Bills  must  be  rendered  in  triplicate,  for  the  entire  work, 
in  the  form  prescribed  and  attached  hereto. 


24 


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28 


BOOK  BINDING 

The  work  to  be  done  under  these  specifications  consists  of 
binding  about  2300  volumes,  comprising  25  different  re- 
ports of  various  sizes;  of  these  about  100  will  be  full 
leather  bound,  2000  cloth,  and  the  remainder  paper  cov- 
ered; these  last  will  be  departmental  volumes,  sewed. 

The  appendix  marked  A  shows  the  number  of  copies 
printed  and  bound  last  year.  Calculations  for  the  low  bid 
will  be  made  upon  the  quantities  there  shown,  except  for 
the  leather  volumes,  for  which  the  quantity  above  given 
will  govern. 

For  paper  bound  reports  the  covers  will  be  furnished  by 
the  City. 

PRICES 

The  price  quoted  will  be  blank  cents  per  volume,  for  each 
of  the  following  sizes: 


Book,  up  to      96  pages  thick,  per  vol.,  cloth  only 

97  to    256      "         "  "     and  leather 

257  to     544      "          "  "       " 

545  to     752      "  cloth,  leather,  paper 

753  to  1008      " 
1009  to  1248      " 


inserting  plates,  pasted,  per  thousand  plates 
folding  inserts,  per  thousand  folds 

There  will  be  about  ten  folders,  averaging  four  folds  each 
with  an  average  run  of  600  for  each  folder.  The  price  will 
cover  insertions  both  inside  and  outside  the  signatures. 

The  price  per  volume  will  include  forwarding  and  finish- 
ing the  book,  without  inserts;  these  will  be  charged  for 
separately  at  the  per  thousand  rate.  The  price  will  include 
delivery  to  the  offices  interested,  in  the  city.  The  printer 


29 


will  deliver  the  flat  printed  sheets  to  the  binder,  who  will 
furnish  the  waste  and  all  other  materials. 

The  paper  will  be  38  by  50/100,  English  finish;  the 
trimmed  size  of  the  page  will  be  8%  m-  by  5%  in.;  text 
forms  will  be  printed  as  32's,  and  will  be  imposed  to  suit 
the  binder. 

STYLE 

The  work  will  be  subject  to  the  inspection,  at  any  time,  of 
the  City's  representatives. 

Leather  binding:  leather  to  be  best  grade  Persian  mo- 
rocco, imported,  equal  to  sample  attached;  by  Persian  mo- 
rocco is  meant  the  skin  of  an  East  Indian  goat,  and  not  a 
trade  substitute.  The  skins  must  be  full  weight  and  un- 
split,  and  equal  to  the  best  obtainable  in  the  market;  the 
binder  will  be  required,  before  the  covering  is  done,  to  fur- 
nish a  sample  skin  taken  from  the  lot  to  be  used,  and  the 
entire  lot  must  be  equal  to  the  sample  approved.  Only 
those  parts  of  the  skin  that  are  free  from  blemish  may  be 
used;  books  upon  which  flaws  appear  will  be  rejected  and 
will  have  to  be  rebound. 

Books  will  be  sewed  with  four  cord  No.  30  linen  thread; 
to  be  covered  in  by  hand  without  groove  between  board 
and  back;  marble  double  end  papers,  equal  to  No.  68,  J.  L. 
Shoemaker  &  Co.'s  catalogue;  silk  head  bands,  yellow  and 
red;  backs  to  be  lined  with  heavy  backing  paper  equal  to 
24  by  38/150;  cloth  hinges;  first  and  last  signatures  to  be 
machine  stitched;  four  raised  bands  on  back;  backs  to  be 
rounded  on  three  inch  radius  for  large  volumes,  and  propor- 
tionately for  the  smaller;  edges  on  all  sides  to  be  marbled 
brown;  boards  will  have  beveled  edges.  All  inserts  larger 
than  four  pages  must  be  sewed  to  the  adjacent  signatures; 
whenever  more  than  one  folder  is  inserted  in  the  same 
place  they  must  be  sewed  to  the  adjacent  signatures; 
guards  must  be  inserted  to  swell  the  back,  wherever  the 
thickness  of  the  insert  requires  it;  (there  will  probably  be 


30 


only  one  or  two  such  places  in  one  of  the  larger  volumes) . 
Inserts  are  to  be  folded  to  trim  even  with  the  book  page,  or 
as  near  as  possible  to  this  and  yet  avoid  being  cut  when 
the  book  is  trimmed.  If  a  folder  is  more  than  8%  m-  high, 
the  first  fold  will  be  to  bring  it  to  8%  in.;  then  it  will  be 
folded  to  bring  it  within  the  other  dimension  of  the  book; 
inserts  will  be  folded  always  in  the  same  direction,  toward 
the  binding  edge  of  the  book — the  method  known  as  "over 
and  over";  folds  must  be  made  in  decreasing  widths,  so 
that  the  folded  insert  may  lie  flat,  and  not  buckle,  on  the 
supporting  page. 

Cloth  binding:  books  will  be  sewed  with  four  cord  No.  30 
linen  thread;  lining  equal  to  24  by  38/120;  crash  equal  to 
40  by  36  threads  to  the  inch ;  backs  to  be  lined  with  heavy 
backing  paper  equal  to  24  by  38/100;  books  to  be  cased  in 
with  suitable  joint  between  board  and  back;  head  bands  of 
black  and  white  striped  muslin;  black  cloth,  or  colored, 
as  may  be  directed,  equal  to  the  first  quality  Interlaken  T 
pattern;  edges  will  not  be  marbled;  boards  will  have 
square  edges.  In  other  respects  the  specifications  for  the 
leather  covered  books  will  govern  the  cloth  binding. 

Boards  for  both  styles  must  be  hard  rolled,  %  in.  thick; 
genuine  gold  XX  deep  for  stamping,  not  to  exceed  three 
lifts,  half  a  leaf,  for  back  stamping  on  department  vol- 
umes; bureau  volumes  will  be  stamped  on  the  front  cover; 
one  lift,  one  leaf;  blanked  on  back  and  front  cover  and 
backbone  with  ornamental  fillet  of  approved  design;  brass 
stamps  will  be  furnished  by  the  City. 

Paper  covered  books  must  be  gathered  and  sewed  exactly 
like  the  cloth  books,  and  finished  with  a  paper  cover, 
pasted. 

INSERTS 

Inserts  must  be  bound  to  face  the  left,  with  head  toward 
binding  edge,  and  so  trimmed  that  the  printed  section  will 


31 

lie  entirely  outside  the  book.  They  will  be  chiefly  in  folder 
form. 

COUNT 

We  will  furnish  the  printer  with  stock  sufficient  for  the  full 
number  of  volumes  ordered  and  five  per  cent,  over;  the 
binding  price  is  to  include  such  a  count  as  may  be  neces- 
sary to  insure  our  receiving  the  full  number  of  volumes 
called  for;  unless  the  shortage  is  reported  at  the  time  de- 
liveries are  made  by  the  printer,  we  will  consider  his  count 
as  accurate,  and  the  binder  will  be  required  to  make  good 
any  shortage  that  may  be  discovered  later. 

The  successful  bidder  will  be  expected  to  make  up  a 
sample  book,  of  cloth  and  leather  bound  department  vol- 
umes, according  to  these  specifications;  these  must  be 
passed  for  mechanical  construction,  stamping  of  cover, 
etc.;  before  the  work  progresses  beyond  the  folding;  the 
completed  book  must  be  firm  and  compact  and  bear  evi- 
dence of  skillful  workmanship. 

Bills  must  be  rendered  in  triplicate,  in  the  form  pre- 
scribed by  these  specifications.  No  charges  for  extras  will 
be  allowed,  except  as  they  may  be  specifically  referred  to 
herein.  The  binder  will  be  held  responsible  for  loss  by  fire 
or  other  cause  while  the  books  are  in  his  possession,  and 
until  they  are  delivered  to  the  proper  offices;  he  will  be 
expected  to  take  out  a  fire  insurance  policy,  with  the  City 
as  beneficiary,  to  cover  fully  any  possible  loss. 

DELIVERIES 

The  completed  volumes  are  to  be  delivered  within  five 
weeks  after  the  receipt  of  the  printed  sheets.  The  books 
must  be  securely  packed,  to  avoid  injury  during  transit. 


32 


Director, 

Department  of  Supplies: 

The  undersigned  proposes  to  do  the  binding  for  the  an- 
nual departmental  reports  for  the  year  1913,  in  accordance 
with  the  attached  specifications,  as  follows: 


leather,  cloth,  paper 


book,  96  pages  thick,  per  volume . . . 

97  to    256  pages,  per  volume . . . 

257  to    544  pages,   "        "       ... 

545  to    752  pages,    "        "       ... 

753  to  1008  pages,   "        "       ... 

1009  to  1248  pages,    " 

inserting  plates,  pasted,  per  thousand 

folding  inserts,  per  thousand  folds. . . 


33 

BILL  FOKM  FOR  BOOK  BINDING 

. .  .vols.  cloth, ....  Bureau  (or  Dept.) . .  .pages, . .  .per  vol., . . . 
. .  .vols.  leather, . .  .Bureau  (or  Dept.) . .  .pages, . .  .per  vol , . . . 

. .  .vols.  paper, Department, pages, ..  .per  vol., ... 

. .  .inserts  for  above,  at per  thousand, 

( vols., inserts  in  each) 

. . .  folds,  at per  thousand, 

( vols., folds  in  each) 

The  above  represents  the  bill  for  a  single  bureau  or  de- 
partment report.  Charges  must  be  made  separately  for 
each  report,  but  the  charge  for  the  entire  work  may  be 
made  in  one  bill. 


34 


NUMBER    OF    COPIES    OF    THE     MAYOR'S     ANNUAL     MESSAGE 
ACCOMPANYING   DOCUMENTS   FOR  THE   YEAR   1912 


AND 


Turkey 

Cloth 

Paper 

Pages 

Preliminary  message,  containing  the  reports  of 
the  directors  

500 

318 

10 

30 

VOLUME  1  —  containing  ....  gilt  edge  

1 

387 

812 

Mayor's  message  

Director's  report  (Safety)  

5 

25 

536 

Police  (Fire  Marshal)  

100 

4000 

176 

Fire     . 

100 

1500 

76 

Correction 

10 

25 

62 

Electrical 

100 

100 

94 

Building  Inspection 

25 

25 

22 

Elevator  Inspection 

4 

6 

14 

Steam  Engines  and  Boilers 

12 

50 

14 

VOLUME  II  —  containing            gilt  edge 

1 

387 

Director's  report  (Works) 

50 

75 

1210 

Water 

100 

200 

114 

Highways  and  Street  Cleaning                    .  . 

25 

200 

76 

Surveys 

100 

250 

126 

Lighting 

15 

100 

56 

Gas... 

15 

250 

46 

City  Property 

15 

15 

18 

Wharves,  Docks  and  Ferries  (Ice  Boats)  . 

100 

400 

130 

VOLUME  III  —  containing             gilt  edge 

1 

387 

994 

Director's  report  (Health  and  Charities) 

Health  . 

100 

400 

518 

Charities 

100 

400 

192 

Supplies.  . 

25 

20 

Law  

25 

100 

198 

Civil  Service  Commission 

1000 

666 

Also  the  following  separate  documents: 
Director's  report  (Health  and  Charities)  and 
chief's  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Health 

4000 

80 

Philadelphia  Hospital  for  Contagious  Dis- 
eases .  .                                         

4000 

60 

4000 

48 

4000 

138 

Medical  School 

3000 

116 

Philadelphia  Hospital  (Dr  Sykes'  report) 

500 

272 

Civil  Service  Commission: 

1000 

36 

1000 

36 

Examination  questions  —  inspection  ser- 
vice 

1000 

56 

Examination  questions  —  miscellaneous 

1000 

52 

Acts  and  rules.              

1000 

56 

Examination  questions  —  engineering  ser- 

1000 

72 

Examination  questions  —  clerical  and  ex- 
ecutive .  .  . 

1000 

140 

35 
STYLE  BOOK 

OF   THE 

CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 

A   GUIDE   FOR   THE   AUTHORS   AND   PRINTERS    OF   OFFICIAL 
REPORTS 


All  copy  should  be  edited  to  conform  to  the  rules  herein 
given  before  it  is  sent  to  the  printer,  whose  proofs  must  be 
corrected  to  accord  with  them.  Deviations  from  the  style 
prescribed  should  not  be  made  without  the  authority  of  the 
editor. 

The  printers  of  the  departmental  reports  are  expected  to 
familiarize  themselves  with  the  rules  and  forms  given,  so 
that  the  work  may  be  done  correctly  and  with  dispatch. 
When  the  propriety  of  these  instructions,  as  applied  to  any 
particular  matter,  is  questioned,  the  advice  of  the  editor 
should  be  sought,  and  his  decision  will  govern. 

Reports  should  always  appear  in  the  name  of  the  chief 
of  the  bureau.  If  there  is  any  information  useful  to  the 
public  which  subordinate  officials  can  give,  it  ought  to  be 
diffused  in  the  report  of  the  chief,  to  whom  the  public  nat- 
urally looks  for  information  on  bureau  activities.  A  re- 
port made  by  a  subordinate  is  not  convincing:  it  lacks 
both  the  comprehensiveness  and  the  finality  of  a  statement 
made  by  the  chief  official  of  the  bureau.  The  report 
should  be  virile,  clear  and  concise,  yet  full,  and  should  be 
prepared  by  the  chief  himself;  for  only  he  can  give  it  the 
authoritative  value  it  should  have. 

TABULAR   MATTER 

All  tables  which  are  not  necessary  to  the  full  understand- 
ing of  the  report  should  be  eliminated.  We  ought  to  give 


36 


the  public  full  information  concerning  the  operations  of  the 
departments,  but  unnecessary  and  meaningless  tables  de- 
tract from  the  value  and  emphasis  of  the  foregoing  text. 
All  tabular  matter  must  be  put  up  in  such  form  that  it 
may  go  on  one  or  more  pages  of  the  book.  Unless  the  sense 
of  a  table  will  be  destroyed  by  splitting  it  up  into  separate 
pages  the  folder  form  must  never  be  used.  The  purpose  of 
dividing  these  tables  is  to  avoid  the  cost  of  inserting  fold- 
ers, as  well  as  to  improve  the  appearance  of  the  book. 

DRAWINGS 

Drawings  and  photographs  should  always  be  made  in  size 
4  by  7  in.  Larger  drawings  should  not  be  made  unless  the 
reduction  to  the  one  page  size  will  diminish  their  legibility. 
Officials  should  take  particular  care  to  see  that  the  photo- 
graphs for  halftone  cuts  shall  be  clear  and  without  fault; 
it  is  not  possible  to  make  a  good  cut  from  a  hazy  or  an 
over-dark  photograph. 

INDEX 

Upon  receipt  of  the  page  proof  from  the  printer  each 
bureau  or  department  shall  make  up  an  index  of  subjects 
treated  in  the  report,  and  return  it,  with  the  approved  or 
corrected  proofs,  to  the  editor. 

USE   OF   CAPITALS 

Capital  letters  shall  be  used  only  for  proper  nouns  and 
words  denoting  titles,  following  a  name,  and  for  words  be- 
ginning sentences. 

The  words  "bureau"  and  "department"  standing  alone 
should  not  be  capitalized,  except  when  they  represent  a 
particular  bureau  or  department;  for  example,  "There  are 
several  bureaus  in  each  of  the  municipal  departments"; 
but,  "The  Bureau  has  undertaken  to  accomplish  this 
work";  "I  informed  the  Department  that  we  would  follow 
this  course  of  action". 


37 


Capitalize  the  words  "bureau"  and  "department"  when- 
ever they  either  follow  or  precede  the  name;  as,  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Works,  Survey  Bureau. 

The  words  "chief",  "director"  or  other  official  designa- 
tion should  only  be  capitalized  when  they  refer  to  a  par- 
ticular person,  and  are  used  in  the  place  of  the  proper  name 
of  that  person;  thus,  "The  chiefs  of  all  the  bureaus  met 
together";  "The  director  of  the  department  is  authorized  to 
take  such  action";  but,  "The  Chief  promised  me  he  would 
consult  the  Director  about  this  matter". 

Official  designations  should  always  be  capitalized  when 
they  precede  a  proper  name,  or  follow  it  as  a  title;  as, 
Chief  Connell;  C.  E.  Davis,  Chief,  Bureau  of  Water. 

Capitalize  street,  avenue,  road,  river,  etc.,  when  follow- 
ing the  name;  Pelham  Road,  Market  Street,  Delaware 
River. 

Capitalize  nouns,  pronouns,  adjectives,  adverbs  and 
verbs  in  titles  of  books,  headings,  etc.,  when  it  is  intended 
that  the  principal  words  shall  be  capitalized. 

Proper  nouns  used  with  other  words  to  designate  a  kind 
of  merchandise  which  is  known  only  by  such  designation, 
shall  be  set  in  lower  case;  for  example, 

china  clay  india  ink  russia  leather 

gothic  type  roman  type  morocco  leather 

india  rubber  merino  sheep  Venetian  blinds 

Proper  nouns  converted  into  verbs  by  suffixing  -ize,  -fy, 
should  be  set  in  lower  case;  thus,  christianize,  americanize, 
macadamize,  pasteurize. 

Capitalize  the  principal  words  in  addresses,  signatures 
and  date  lines. 

Capitalize  the  first  word  in  direct  quotation. 

ABBREVIATIONS 

Abbreviations  should  be  used  sparingly.    They  invariably 
mar  the  smoothness  of  the  best  written  prose,  and  should 


38 


never  be  used  in  descriptive  or  narrative  writing,  except  in 
scientific  and  technical  works,  where  their  use  is  com- 
mended only  as  time  saving.  Only  those  abbreviations 
that  are  familiar  to  the  class  of  persons  for  whom  the  book 
is  intended  should  be  used.  They  shall  be  set  in  lower 
case,  except  when  the  word  is  commonly  spelled  with  a 
capital;  thus,  p.m.,  lb.,  h.p.,  in.  Place  a  period  after  each 
abbreviation,  but  do  not  space  after  the  period. 

Spell  out  the  names  of  the  month  and  use  figures  for  the 
dates;  do  not  use  ordinal  numbers;  as,  March  25,  not  25th. 
Use  Esq.  for  esquire;  jr.  for  junior,  sr.  for  senior;  as,  John 
Smith,  jr.,  Richard  Jones,  sr.  Use  2,  3,  for  second,  third, 
when  they  begin  a  series  of  statements. 

Words  denoting  measure  of  quantity  or  force  should  be 
abbreviated  only  when  the  quantity  spoken  of  is  definite; 
as,  10  gal.,  8  h.p.;  but,  "street  pavements  are  measured  in 
square  yards". 

Except  in  mathematical  calculations  avoid  the  use  of  (') 
and  (")  to  indicate  feet  and  inches,  or  minutes  and  seconds. 
Except  in  a  technical  statement  use  deg.  for  degrees.  Use 
F.,  C.,  B.,  for  Fahrenheit,  Centigrade  and  Beaume. 

The  names  of  foreign  countries  should  always  be  spelled 
in  full;  the  following  abbreviations  shall  be  used  for  the 
names  of  the  states: 


Ala. 

Fla. 

Me. 

Nebr. 

Pa. 

Wash. 

Ariz. 

Ga. 

Mich. 

Nev. 

R.I. 

W.Va. 

Ark. 

111. 

Minn. 

N.H. 

S.C. 

Wis. 

Cal. 

Ind. 

Miss. 

NJ. 

S.Dak. 

Wyo. 

Colo. 

Kans. 

Mo. 

N.Mex. 

Tenn. 

Conn. 
Del. 

Ky. 
Mass. 

Mont. 

N.C. 

N.Y. 
Okla. 

Tex. 
Va. 

B.C. 

Md. 

N.Dak. 

Oreg. 

Vt. 

Alaska,  Hawaii,  Iowa,  Ohio  and  Utah  should  never  be 
abbreviated. 


39 


NUMERALS 

Arabic  numerals  should  be  used  in  all  cases,  even  where  the 
copy  has  roman.  If  the  copy  lists  a  series  of  statements  as 
a,  b,  c,  change  to  1,  2,  3,  etc.  If,  under  any  of  these 
numerals  a  further  sub-division  is  necessary,  use  the  roman 
a,  b,  c,  in  lower  case.  Do  not  begin  a  sentence  with  fig- 
ures; if  you  must  begin  with  a  number,  write  it  out. 

Spell  out  all  whole  numbers  from  one  to  ten,  except  as 
follows:  where  numbers  are  used  to  express  a  definite 
measure  of  quantity;  as,  6  gal,  2  oz.,  8  h.p.  In  a  series  of 
connected  or  contrasted  numerical  statements,  numbers 
should  always  be  expressed  by  figures;  as,  the  contractor 
employed  8  men,  6  wagons  and  10  sprinklers;  compound 
fractions  and  decimals  should  be  expressed  by  figures;  as, 
3-4/5,  4.263. 

Use  numerals  for  all  numbers  exceeding  ten,  except 
where  numbers  are  used  for  an  indefinite  quantity;  as,  five 
thousand  men  gathered  to  hear  him. 

In  all  decimal  numbers  having  no  units,  place  a  cipher 
before  the  decimal  point;  as,  0.56  ft.  Omit  unnecessary 
ciphers  in  sums  of  money ;  as,  $25.  Use  decimals  wherever 
possible  instead  of  fractions.  Where  numbers  have  more 
than  four  figures,  use  an  en  space  instead  of  commas.  Do 
not  point  off  numbers  of  four  figures ;  in  tabular  work,  how- 
ever, where  large  numbers  are  used,  those  of  four  figures 
must  also  be  spaced. 

Use  the  word  "by"  instead  of  "x"  in  giving  dimensions; 
as,  8  by  12,  not  8  x  12.  When  two  numbers  follow  each 
other,  one  denoting  quantity  simply  and  one  conjoined  with 
another  word  to  denote  a  measure,  spell  out  the  first;  as, 
ten  6  inch  guns,  eight  5  ft.  sewers. 

Large  numbers,  when  spelled  out,  should  be  written  as 
follows:  two  hundred  fifty  dollars,  not  two  hundred  and 
fifty;  one  thousand  twenty,  not  one  thousand  and  twenty. 
The  conjunction  should  only  be  used  to  connect  amounts  of 
different  denominations;  as,  eighty  dollars  and  fifty  cents; 
six  hundred  forty  dollars  and  sixty-five  cents. 


HYPHEN 

The  hyphen  should  be  used  to  connect  the  elements  of  a 
compound  word  when  each  retains  its  own  accent. 

PUNCTUATION 

Correct  punctuation  obviates  uncertainty  and  confusion, 
and  makes  for  smooth  reading;  but  nothing  makes  writing 
so  slovenly  as  improper  punctuation. 

Punctuation  marks  should  always  be  placed  inside  the 
quotation  marks  when  they  are  part  of  the  quotation, 
otherwise  outside;  for  example,  He  asked  me  "Did  the 
ordinance  pass?";  but,  I  have  just  read  the  book  called 
"The  New  Atlantis". 

Good  taste,  aided  by  a  knowledge  of  grammar,  is  the 
best  guide  for  punctuation ;  but  the  following  general  rules 
will  govern.  Where  the  pause  in  a  statement  is  slight  and 
there  is  no  change  in  the  thought,  the  comma  should  not  be 
used;  as,  He  listened  to  the  statement  and  agreed  to  the 
proposition. 

Comma:  A  comma  should  be  placed  between  the  short 
members  of  compound  sentences;  for  example,  Beauty 
dazzles,  but  amiability  charms.  A  comma  should  be  placed 
before  a  conjunction  connecting  the  parts  of  a  compound 
predicate,  unless  they  are  very  short  and  so  closely  con- 
nected that  no  point  is  admissible;  for  example,  The  sun 
shines  on  all,  even  the  wicked  and  ungrateful. 

Semicolon:  The  semicolon  is  used  chiefly  to  distinguish  the 
conjunct  members  of  a  sentence;  for  example,  Thy  hands 
have  made  me  and  fashioned  me;  yet  dost  thou  destroy  me. 
If  the  members,  however,  are  very  short  and  the  connection 
is  close,  the  comma  may  be  used  instead  of  the  semicolon; 
for  example,  Man  proposes,  but  God  disposes. 

A  semicolon  should  be  placed  between  the  great  divisions 
of  sentences  when  minor  divisions  occur  that  are  separated 


41 


by  commas;  for  example,  Plato  called  beauty  a  privilege 
of  nature;  Theocritus,  a  delightful  prejudice. 

Colon:  The  colon  marks  a  pause  greater  than  that  of  the 
semicolon,  but  less  than  that  of  a  period;  it  should  be 
placed  between  the  great  divisions  of  sentences  when  minor 
divisions  occur  that  are  separated  by  semicolons;  for 
example,  Man  has  effected  wonders;  he  is  every  day  ad- 
vancing in  knowledge  and  power:  yet,  surpassed  by  nature 
in  even  her  humblest  efforts,  he  can  not  so  much  as  make 
a  blade  of  grass. 

The  colon  is  used  when  the  sense  of  division  of  a  period 
is  complete  so  as  to  admit  of  a  full  point;  but  something  is 
added  by  way  of  illustration,  or  the  description  is  con- 
tinued by  an  additional  remark,  without  a  necessary  de- 
pendence on  the  foregoing  members  of  the  sentence;  thus, 
A  brute  arrives  at  a  point  of  perfection  he  can  never  pass: 
in  a  few  years  he  has  all  the  endowments  he  is  capable  of. 

A  colon  must  also  be  placed  before  a  formal  enumeration 
of  particulars;  as,  There  were  five  great  empires  in  ancient 
times:  first,  the  Egyptian;  second,  the  Assyrian;  third,  the 
Persian;  fourth,  the  Macedonian;  fifth,  the  Roman. 

Possessives:  Nouns  in  the  singular,  and  in  the  plural  when 
ending  in  any  other  letters  than  s  (irregular  plurals) ,  form 
the  possessive  by  suffixing  an  apostrophe  and  s;  as,  man's, 
men's,  Burns's,  countess's.  There  are  a  few  exceptions  to 
this  rule,  made  for  the  sake  of  euphony ;  as,  for  conscience' 
sake;  for  goodness'  sake;  for  righteousness'  sake.  Plural 
nouns  ending  in  s  form  the  possessive  by  adding  the  apos- 
trophe; as,  the  fingers'  celerity;  the  countesses'  reception. 

Divisions:  Frequent  division  of  words  should  be  avoided, 
and  compound  words  should  not  be  divided  except  at  the 
compound  hyphen.  Divisions  of  syllables  of  two  letters  or 
less  should  never  be  made.  The  last  word  of  a  paragraph 
should  not  be  divided,  nor  should  it  break  over  unless  it 
consists  of  more  than  three  letters. 


42 


FOOTNOTES 

In  publications  of  this  kind  footnotes  should  not  be 
employed  to  elucidate  the  text:  any  explanation  that  may 
be  desirable  should  be  given  in  text  form.  Where  their  use 
is  indispensable  the  matter  shall  be  set  in  6  point  on  8  point 
body,  in  two  columns.  Superior  figures  shall  be  employed 
to  mark  the  notation  place. 

FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES 

These  should  be  set  in  italics.  The  names  of  foreign  per- 
sons should  be  preceded  by  Mr.,  and  not  Herr  or  M.,  etc. 

QUOTATIONS 

When  a  word,  phrase  or  sentence  is  quoted  in  direct  quota- 
tion, it  should  be  included  within  quotation  marks.  A 
quoted  article  following  an  introductory  paragraph  needs 
no  quotation  marks.  Unless  followed  by  original  matter 
long  quotations  or  extracts  shall  be  set  separately,  indented 
one  em  each  side  of  the  page,  without  marks.  The  same 
size  type  shall  be  used  as  for  the  text. 


TYPOGRAPHY 

Modern  roman  type  shall  be  used  for  all  publications: 
No.  8A  for  monotype  work;  No.  21  face  for  Linotype  com- 
position; No.  596  American  Type  Co.  for  other  forms  of 
composition.  No.  524  Lining  Title  shall  be  used  for  all 
title  pages  and  headings.  All  reading  matter  shall  be  set 
in  10  point  on  12  point  body ;  tabular  matter,  6  point  on  8 
point  body;  8  point  on  10  point  body  shall  be  used  for 
indexes  or  for  any  other  matter  marked  to  be  composed 
in  8  point.  The  size  of  the  trimmed  page  will  be  5%  by 
8%  inches.  The  printed  page  will  be  39  pica  ems  long  by  22 
pica  ems  wide.  The  page  number  shall  be  set  at  the  head, 


43 


in  the  middle  of  the  page,  and  the  first  line  of  the  text 
shall  be  sunk  one  pica  em  beneath. 

Paragraphs  shall  be  set  with  one  em  indention  where 
they  follow  other  paragraphs  of  the  text;  where  they  fol- 
low a  heading  they  shall  be  set  without  indention. 

HEADS 

Center  heads  in  the  text  shall  be  set  in  small  caps,  not 
followed  by  a  period.  Heads  for  tables  shall  likewise  be 
set  in  small  caps,  except  where  there  is  a  two  or  three  line 
head,  which  must  be  set  as  follows: 

GEORGE'S  HILL 
HIGH  SERVICE  STATION 

TOTAL   CAPACITY,    11000000    GALLONS    PER   DAY 

Volumes  shall  be  made  up  as  follows:  pages  1  and  2, 
blank;  page  3,  title;  page  4,  blank;  page  5,  table  of  con- 
tents or  index;  (the  index  should  always  be  made  to  end  on 
an  uneven  page) ;  on  the  even  page  following  the  index 
shall  appear  the  formal  notice  concerning  statistical  matter. 
The  text  will  follow;  it  must  begin  on  the  right  hand  or 
uneven  page,  and  will  be  the  first  numbered  page,  (page  1). 

IMPOSITION 

The  margins  on  the  printed  page  shall  be  as  follows: 
top  6  picas 

inside  5  picas 

bottom  8  picas 

outside  6  picas 

COVER  AND  TITLE  PAGES 

Covers  and  title  pages  shall  be  set  as  shown  on  the  speci- 
men pages  following;  likewise  report  headings.  All  type 
shall  be  No.  524  Lining  Title. 

The  border  for  covers  shall  be  Monotype  No.  32,  6  point. 
Deviations  from  the  forms  shown  will  not  be  permitted. 

BS-8 


44 


BUREAU  OF  POLICE 

James  Robinson,  SUPERINTENDENT 

Philadelphia,  January  1,  1914 


Director, 

Department  of  Public  Safety. 


BUREAU  OF 
HIGHWAYS  AND  STREET  CLEANING 

William  H.  Connell,  CHIEF 

Philadelphia,  January  1,  1914 

Director, 

Department  of  Public  Works: 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  WORKS 

Morris  L.  Cooke,  DIRECTOR 

Philadelphia,  January  1,  1914 

Hon.  Rudolph  Blankenburg, 

Mayor  of  Philadelphia. 

My  Dear  Sir: 


REPORT  HEADINGS 


45 


DEPARTMENT  OF 
PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  CHARITIES 

Joseph  S.  Neff,  DIRECTOR 

Philadelphia,  January  1,  1914 

Hon.  Rudolph  Blankenburg, 

Mayor  of  Philadelphia. 

My  Dear  Sir: 


OFFICE  OF  THE 
MAYOR  OF  PHILADELPHIA 

Rudolph  Blankenburg,  MAYOR 

Philadelphia,  January  1,  1914 

To  the  Members  of  the 
Select  and  Common  Councils: 


REPORT   HEADINGS 


ANNUAL  MESSAGE 


OF  THE 


MAYOR  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


< 


A\D  THE 


REPORTS  OF  THE  DIRECTORS  OF  THE 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


COVER  PAGE 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


DEPARTMENT   OF  PUBLIC  WORKS 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


COVER  PAGE 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


DEPAKTMENT  OF 
PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  CHARIT 


OP  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


8 


COVER  PAGE 


SBBHBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBeceeSSOBBBBBBfRBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBG 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


DEPARTMENT  OF  SUPPLIES 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


VER  PAGE 


I5S^S£5S3g31!Kram^ 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


BUEEAU  OF  POLICE 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


COVER  PAGE 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OK  THK 


BUREAU  OF 
HIGHWAYS  AND  STREET  CLEANING 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  1913 


VER  PAGE 


ANNUAL  MESSAGE 


OF  THE 


MAYOR  OF  PHILADELPHI 


AND  THE 


REPORTS  OF  THE  DIRECTORS  OF  THE 


DEPARTMENTS  OF 

PUBLIC  SAFETY,  PUBLIC  WORKS,  SUPPLIES 

WHARVES,  DOCKS  AND  FERRIES,  CITY  TRANSIT 

PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  CHARITIES 

FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  DECEMBER  31,  1913 


TITLE  PAGE 


ISSUED  BY  THE 
CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  SAFETY 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 
FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  DECEMBER  31,  1913 


ISSUED  BY  THE 
CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


TITLE  PAGE 


ANNUAL  REPORT 

OF  THE 

DEPARTMENT  OF 
PUBLIC  HEALTH  AND  CHARITIES 

AND  OF  THE  DEPARTMENTS  OF 

SUPPLIES,  LAW 
FREE  LIBRARIES,  RECEIVER  OF  TAXES 

PHILADELPHIA  MUSEUMS 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  THE  SINKING  FUNDS 

CITY  TREASURER 

OF  THE 

CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 
FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  DECEMBER  31,  1913 


TITLE  PAGE 


ISSUED  BY  THE 

CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THK 


BUREAU  OF  POLICE 


OF  THK 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  DECEMBER  31,  1913 


ISSIEI)  BY  THE 
CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


TITLE  PAGE 


ANNUAL  REPORT 


OF  THE 


BUREAU  OF 
HIGHWAYS  AND  STREET  CLEANING 


OF  THE 


CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


FOR  THE  YEAR  ENDING  DECEMBER  31,  1913 


TITLE  PAGE 


ISSUED  BY  THE 
CITY  OF  PHILADELPHIA 


57 


APPENDIX 

When  the  printing  for  the  year  1913  was  advertised  in 
Philadelphia,  we  were  quickly  made  aware  that  certain 
members  of  the  employing  printers  association  here  were 
making  determined  efforts  to  protect  the  printers  who,  for 
almost  a  generation,  had  had  a  monopoly  of  the  work. 
Statements  were  spread  in  other  cities  from  which  we  had 
asked  bids,  that  it  was  unlawful  to  do  municipal  printing 
work  outside  Philadelphia  and  that  we  never  intended  to 
have  the  work  done  by  any  but  a  city  printer,  but  merely 
asked  outside  bids  for  the  purpose  of  holding  up  the  Phila- 
delphia printers.  The  effect  of  this  may  be  seen  in  the 
schedule  of  bids  given  below;  all  Philadelphia  bids  were 
extraordinarily  high,  and  only  two  outside  bids  were  re- 
ceived. The  contract  was  awarded  to  the  low  bidder. 

The  estimated  cost  of  this  printing,  under  the  new  speci- 
fications, for  1913,  is  $6,000.  Last  year  the  cost  was  nearly 
$18,000,  and  the  average  for  five  years  preceding  was 
$12,500. 


COMPOSITION. 

PRESSWORK. 

CLOTH 

BINDING. 

10  point 

6  point 
a  u  ar 

16  page  form 
per  token 

752  page 
book  per 

per  page. 

on  runs  of 

volume. 

per  page. 

1000          4000 

Wynkoop,  Hallenbeck,  Crawford  Co.. 

$0  49 

$2  09 

$0  75 

$0  48 

$0  3465 

Dando  Printing  &  Publishing  Co  .... 

15 

4  90 

90 

91 



Dunlap  Printing  Co  

15 

4  63 

40 

62 

37 

Plimpton  Press  

20 

5  85 

75 

81 

28 

Franklin  Printing  Co  

28 

5  00 

70 

75 

George  F.  Lasher 

35 

5  20 

80 

SO 

55 

George  H.  Buchanan  &  Co  

50 

6  00 

85 

79 

Trades  Union  News  Pub  Co 

50 

6  80 

90 

85 

J.  B.  Lippincott  Co  

57 

6  55 

90 

85 

53 

Edward  Stern  &  Co  

75 

6  95 

2  98 

1  6S 

Franklin  Binderv  

21 

58 


The  protection  afforded  by  the  printers  to  the  political 
contractors  extended  not  only  to  this  particular  contract, 
but  to  every  large  printing  job.  The  Department  deter- 
mined, therefore,  to  combat  the  printers'  association,  with 
the  purpose  of  inducing  it  to  exclude  the  City  government 
from  the  operation  of  its  rules,  and  to  allow  free  competi- 
tion, among  its  members,  for  City  work. 

The  means  adopted  was  publicity.  The  public  was  in- 
formed, through  the  newspapers,  of  the  existence  of  the 
association,  of  its  purpose,  and  of  its  effect  in  forcing  the 
City  to  pay  exorbitant  prices  for  its  printing.  Vehement 
denials  were,  at  first,  made  by  individual  members  of  the 
Association,  but  they  feared,  apparently,  to  carry  the  issue 
farther,  and  the  Association  rested  silent  under  the 
criticism  of  its  methods. 

Great  interest  was  aroused  by  the  publication  of  the 
article,  and  the  Department  was  commended  for  the  inno- 
vation of  issuing  scientific  specifications  and  for  its  action 
in  awarding  the  contract  to  the  low  bidder,  although  the 
firm  is  not  a  Philadelphian — a  step  which  had  been  op- 
posed by  the  printers  association. 


UNIVEBSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBBABY 
BEBKELEY 

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STAMPED  BELOW 


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